About this Study This is a Global Study, without boundaries. All Welcome I had started on the usual route of our own family research about 1998, just because no-one else had. Cousin Margaret (now 99) wanted to know how she was related, and then I came across a branch of our Hoe family who suddenly ‘acquired’ a child, initially on Census returns they called her a “Niece” then they changed her name, called her their own, and emigrated to America with her. Where had she come from? Why the need to move? How did this affect the ‘Paper Trail’ I also found that some branches of the Hoe family were living to a really good age? Other’s not so….Why? Was this evidence of a genetic longevity gene?? There are also certain family lines that have twins? And triplets. These couples, including the ladies with marriages and name changes, I have followed through descendants. The more I found out, the more I followed family members up and down their ancestors, and around the world, creating family groups along the way. However, the more I continued, the less I knew, and the more questions I had…hence the information grew and grew and continues.. As an adjunct to this study I also want all people with the surname HOE to be proud of their noble name. I promise to stand up against this slur (currently in America) where the Name Hoe is being used as a derogatory term for women. Lets stamp this out !

Name variants As with most names that derive from old English, Latin or Gaelic, people did not settle into a consistent form until early 1800’s. We constantly have to spell out our 3 letter surname H.O.E to this day. Hoe remains frequently changed, misspelt, misheard, mispronounced, or transcribed in error, this has resulted in an array of variations sometimes within the same person’s lifetime or family. Name variants have been a real headache for my Hoe research study. Each time I came across a potential variant, I have traced the name through time and place as much as possible. Take this example of a young man called Rice (or Ryce). Hooe / Hoe / or Howe ? Rice /Ryce Hoe (spelt Hooe, Hoe and Howe) was born c 1599 in ?England or ?Wales. Initially landing in Virginia America in 1618. “Rice Howe” is found on the Virginia muster rolls of 23 January 1624. In 1626, “Rice Hooe acted as agent for William Besse”. Mr “Ryce Hooe” was Burgess of Shirley Hundred Island from 1632-1634. He returns to England at some point, (some say to marry) to leave Gravesend England as “Rice Hooe” on 23rd June 1635 on board the “America”. On the 9th May 1638 “Rice Hoe” is re-granted lands in Virginia of 1200 acres. Extract: 18th June 1639 to “Rice Hoe, 300 acres, adjoining his patented land”. On 8th October 1643 as “Rice Hoe Gent” he was granted 1969 acres, (which included the former grants of 700, and 300 acres). “Rice Hooe” was Burgess of Charles City County Virginia from 1644-1647. Rice was deceased before 3rd December 1655, when his wife was granted administration “of the estate of her late husband Mr Rice Hooe Deceased”. The two voyages, ages, destinations, and subsequent transactions point to this being one person. Hooe appears in Burke’s General Armoury as: Hoe or Hooe, listing another variant as Howe. From a collection of land patents in the Library of Virginia. Rice Hooe (1599-1655) belongs to haplogroup I-P37 and is in Lineage VI in the Hughes DNA Project at Family Tree DNA. www.familytreedna.com/public/hughes/default.aspx?section=yresults Transcription errors also occur on a fairly regular basis, especially from Ancestry.com, or Familysearch.org. When errors occur within a known Hoe family, I challenge or amended these details when found. The main variants for Hoe are: HO the earliest record of this variation in England is William de Ho found in a feudal document in Essex which is dated 1121. The earliest marriage I have in England, is of Elizabeth Ho to Bartholomew Borrowes in Leicester in 1586. In Mexico I have a Ho marriages dating back to 1642, in Germany Ho marriages can go back to 1663. In Korea some records indicate 59 distinct Ho clans, only four have documented roots, and these four can be traced back to a single 16 year old Indian Princess, who arrived in AD 48, and married King Suro. To show his pleasure with his new wife, he allowed the 2nd of their 10 children to retain his mother’s surname. (Dictionary of American Family Names Vol 1 page 184) D ‘ HOE – possibly a later variation of the old English De Hoe (see historical occurrences) McHOE (Mc or Mac denoting son of) McHoe I have a marriage of Christian McHoe and Duncan Cameron in Glasgow Scotland in 1753 but Instances of this variation are now very rare. HOES is from the English topographical name for a person living between the spurs of two or more hills. Hose in Leicestershire being one such village. The earliest marriage I have found dates back to 1606 in the Netherlands. In England the earliest marriage I have found dates back to 1612, they appear to be two separate origins, but both lines migrated to Australia, America and beyond. HOESE – A Germanic variation of Hoes – yet to be fully researched HOO Early English marriages date back to 1542 in Norfolk. Hoo is also a place-name in Kent. This variant appears English in Origin but can be found in Ireland Norway and Denmark. HOOE is a place name in Devon and Sussex. As a family name it turns up as in the early example above of Rice Hooe. HOOA this variant also appears quite rare, but starts about 1650’s in England. The earliest marriage I have found is of Ann Hooa in 1670 Derbyshire. By 1750’s it was emerging in Hungry. By 1820 the Hooa Variant could be found in Scotland, and by 1870 it has reached America where it continues to present day. It has also been found in very small numbers in Germany. HOH – Appears to begin in Germany, where I can take this variant back to 1613, but also in Mexico occurrences of this variant date back to 1750’s. I have found very few occurrences in England before 1730, (despite its original English topographical meaning) but Hoh is now worldwide including Guatemala, Ghana, Sweden, Switzerland and America. HOY – I researched this possible variant, finding the earliest Hoy marriage in Somerset England in 1542. There is an Alexander Hoy married in Angus Scotland in 1584, the same man marries again in Holland in 1598. Germany sees a marriage in 1672. However this is NOT A VARIANT of Hoe, but comes from the Irish MacKeogh. HOUE, This appears to be a later variant – starting around 1550’s in London, Essex Surrey and the South of England. It first spread to France, and Scotland then on to America, Denmark, Norway, Canada, and Germany. HU - Early marriages can be found in France 1630, Spain 1636, Mexico 1648 and Germany 1635. By 1720 there is a marriage in Scotland, and 1740 sees a marriage in York England, I have yet to determine its origin. This is NOT A VARIENT of Hoe but a possible derivative of Hugh. HOUEAU – mainly in Northern France I have marriages dating back to 1612 - some of this family emigrated to America. Undetermined origin, or whether this is a true variant of Hoe. MARRA – means Hoe in Latin. (Lewis and Short) Latin dictionary page 1115c, cite Marra “Hoe” as occurring several times in post Augustan Latin, but state that its entomology is unknown. Habitual place name from southern Italy, similar to English Hoe, as in mound or hill. Also a Metonymic occupational name for the people who made a ‘Hoe ’implement or were agricultural labourers. Now widespread around Italy, Spain & Portugal. I have so far searched Italian records back to 1809. There are also Spanish American and English occurrences of this variant. (Page 520)

Name origin Surname database.com has no research on the Name HOE, despite its ancient roots and global spread. In Early English the Family Name of Hoe is topographical in origin, descended from Hoh – referring to a person from “the spur or heel of the Hill”. Hoe Hill is in Cropwell Bishop Nottinghamshire – on the Old fosse way. Hose a village in Leicestershire is derived from the plural of Hoh, i.e. an area with 2 or more Hoe’s. Topographically Hoe is also the name given to a spit of land that juts out, as in Plymouth Hoe in Devon, and Lancing Hoe in Sussex. People who lived on any peninsular, may well have been named Hoe. More recently a competition was held to come up with a name for the newly created spit of land created during the creation of the channel tunnel in Kent. This was won by Gillian Janaway, the area is now called Samphire Hoe after the rock samphire that used to grow there. Hoe is also one of the oldest names given to a variety of tools and implements in agriculture and gardening. The Latin for a Hoe is Marra, the origin of the surname in Southern Italy, Spain and beyond Internet searches imply Hoe is an early Irish name, translated from Gaelic “O hEochaidh” which means Horseman. Some believe the Irish Hoe branch to be a variant of the MacKeogh’s who were descendants of the Kings of Ui Maine. I remain sceptical. The MacKeogh name and its variants can still be found in Ireland, and also England, Canada and Gibraltar. I have searched 3 churches and gravesites in Ballymackeogh Tipperary “Keogh County” and have found no evidence of the Hoe variant amongst Keogh’s, although Hoe as a surname is found in early Irish records. See also Keogh one-name study.

Historical occurrences of the name Roger De Hoe lived in Norfolk in about 1196, and his son was Sir Gilbert De Hoe his son and heir. A Peter De Hoe was Rector in Norfolk in 1287 “Robert de Bosewill or Bosville had the manor which was lately Roger De Hoe’s” ....“Roger De Hoe had married Agnes in 1307” this is probably Agnes Norwich daughter of William. Ref Francis Bloomefield 1805 in ‘A Topographical History of Norfolk’ The Charter of Sir William and Alice De Hoo 23rd October 1366 Hampshire. Hoo coat of arms on the smaller seal. Found in the Sussex Archaeological Collections Volume 8 page 130. The photographs were kindly produced by James Poyner. Hoo or Hoe ? Swardeston in Norfolk is mentioned in the Doomsday Book. It had lands and a Manor that were given to Roger Bigod by William the Conqueror. In the “History of Norfolk” Volume 5 by Francis Blomefield I found the following: Bartholomew son of Will. who assumed the name of Swerdeston, was lord in 1256, and in 1315, it belonged to Tho. de St. Omer of Brundale, who died seized about 1364, leaving it to his two daughters and heiresses, ALICE, after married to SIR WILLIAM DE HOE, Knt. and Eliz. to Tho. Waryne. Lord Hoe of Hastings died on 22nd November 1410 aged 75. JANE Daughter and co-heir of THOMAS LORD HOE of Hastings by Eleanor daughter and heir of Lyonell Lord Wells married Sir Roger Copley of Roughway county Sussex Knight. (Cited in County Genealogy Pedigrees of the Families of Sussex. By William Barry Published by Sherwood Gilbert and Piper London 1830) Mis-spellings appear in later versions. MATTHIAS HOE of Hoenegg (1580 – 1645) Lutheran Theologian and court preacher in Dresden. The son of Leonhard Hoe he became imperial councillor and legal expert. DANIEL MackHOE (Mac Hoe, McHoe) transported on the “John and Sara” which sailed to Boston United States from London in 1651. Originally Daniel had been a Scot fighting the English at the Battle of Worcester. When the English won, the POW’s were marched to London and confined on the Artillery Fields, but there were so many, a decision was then made to have them deported. (Source Historical and genealogical Reg, N.E.H.G. Gen. Soc of Boston. Samuel Drake Publisher 1847 Vol 1 - 50 Oct 1847 pages (378- 379) ) 1695 JOHN HOE is Sherriff of Nottingham – Nottinghamshire Archives. Hoe Street in Walthamstow London is first noted in 1697, being named after the ridge it traversed. “Hell on Hoe Street” is one of a series of crime novels written by Walthamstow’s former Probation Officer, Jeremy Cameron. People of Note RICHARD MARCH HOE (1812 – 1886) Inventor of the rotary printing press. Printer’s Park – equipped with play equipment inspired by the rotary printing press, on the corner of Aldus Street and Hoe Avenue in the Bronx (New York) is named in his honour. There is a GRANDISON HOE a freed African American from Baltimore who owned a farm, land and buildings in Hampdon Baltimore. In the USA census of 1860 Grandison Hoe is listed as being 40 years old, with property worth $3.600 and an estate worth $200. He is living with his wife Lucy and their 5 children. Parts of the land were sold off during the great depression, and new homes built. Most went to returning African American who had fought in the 2nd world war. The area today is known as Hoes Heights. Of note the name “Grandison” can be traced back to Ireland. ANN HOE (1821 – 1886) is the wife of Joseph Stevenson founder of a cheese making business in Long Clawson Leicestershire England which is still producing fine cheeses in the name of her son Thomas Hoe Stevenson. ROBERT HOE (1839 –1909) American Businessman and 1st President of the Grolier Club was also the owner of the Gutenburg Bible, which he sold to Henry E Huntington the railroad magnet. HUNT HOE Canadian Filmmaker and Writer born in Malaysia in 1961 - FREDERICK HOE (1908 – 1989) An Early Australian Communications Engineer and Businessman

Frequency – The name Hoe or its variants are so few in number that they did not register on some countries surname maps until approx. 10 years ago. In 2016 there were just 510 people using the surname Hoe in England + 4 in Ireland. In 1881 that number was just 414 in the UK. In 1880 only 219 people had this surname in the United States. In Scotland in 1881 there were just 5 people, and the same year saw England with just 410. In 1901 in Ireland there were just 5 people. In 1947 just 3 people bore this name in the Netherlands – by 2007 that had grown to 10 individuals. Currently just 16,682 people worldwide that bare the Hoe surname. In Australia that’s 1 person in every 155, 385. In Denmark its 1 in 14,182, England 1 in every 82,370. In America it’s 1:413,804. In Vietnam its 1 in every 35,370. Top spot goes to Brunei where its ranked 201 in popularity, with an incidence of 1 in every 998 people. In Italy (as Marra) its very popular (relatively speaking) in Puglia – the heel bit of Italy, but also Calabria – the toe bit. Given its topographical origin this is not surprising.

Distribution of the name NORWAY – so far I can take the Norwegian Tree back to Peder Hoe (1729 – 1800) DENMARK – various Hoe family Groups in Denmark appear to originate from Norway – and gradually migrate and disperse into Germany – the UK – and America. ENGLAND – various families in the UK America and Australia can be traced back to Norfolk Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Yorkshire in England. Current internet searches do not reveal the true extent of their migration. For example I have a family group in Northampton, but no trace of them survived there by 1841 census. SCOTLAND – The Hoe Name can be found in Scotland to this day, but originated by marriage into Mackintosh, Cameron, Sinclair and Andrews families IRELAND – Many Hoe families have been born, died, married or just passed through Ireland – but I have yet to be convinced that this is an original source of the name. Some migrated to Scotland or moved to America or the Isle of Man. WALES – Perhaps Rice Hooe is from Wales, but Hoe does not appear to be of Welsh origin. America – Hoe has a long history in the US, with some American families being able to trace their origins back to the UK, Scandinavia or Hawaii. CANADIAN Hoe families have some early English, Scottish and Irish roots, or families from America that migrated north into Canada. AUSTRALIA – Originally from England, to seek a better life, or on ‘convict’ ships. John Hoe was one such person, convicted of Poaching (to support his young family) he was transported on the ‘Hebe’ in 1820 – settling in Van Diemen’s Land. Latter John Hoe was given his Freedom, Land, and a testament to his good character – he set about helping others. NEW ZEALAND – most found here can be traced back to Australia. HAWAII – The roots of the Hawaiian Branch go back many hundreds of years. Paul Hoe is a well-known Vietnam veteran and was heavily involved in setting up a memorial to all who lost their lives during the Vietnam Conflict. I found that in Hawaii the Ho/Hoe name is interchangeable. My records only go back to around 1850. MEXICO – I remain unable to find out how the name got here but it did, and early on – it can be found here as Hoe, Ho, Hoo, Hooe, Marra, Hoh, Hoes, and Hoese GERMANY – mainly through migration into Germany from Denmark and Norway ITALY – not found as Hoe – but the Latin for Hoe “Marra” SPAIN AND PORTUGAL Marra surname introduced here from Italy Distribution of the surname by Military Personnel, Emissaries, and Missionaries has led to isolated pockets including but not limited to INDIA, RUSSIA, SOUTH AFRICA, and the PACIFIC ISLANDS.

Data - What data have I looked at? Worldwide census documentation from England & Wales 1841-1911, Ireland, Scotland, Mexico National Census of 1930, United States, 1870 – 1940 Germany 1890 & 1900, Norway, Denmark Census 1906, 1916, 1921, 1925. 1930, Canadian Census of 1891, 1901, 1911,1916. Quebec Census 1861. Netherlands Population Registers. New South Wales Census 1828 - 1891 Grave inscriptions from Find-a-Grave, Billiongraves, War Memorials, and Church Archives, Australian Inquest Deposition Files 1840 – 1925. England and Wales National index of Wills and Administration 1858 – 1957. USA Social Security Death Index. British Columbia Death Registrations 1872 – 1986, 1992 – 1993. Australia Queensland Cemetery Records 1802 – 1990. Australia Cemetery Inscriptions 1802 – 2005. New Zealand Otago Cemetery Gravestones 1861 – 2009. Italy Deaths and Burials 1809 - 1900 Military Data from the UK Royal Navy, Army, and Airforce Records, Chelsea Pensioners Records. USA WW2 Army Enlistment Records 1938-1945. National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers 1866 – 1938, WW1 Draft Registration Cards, Expeditionary Forces Deaths 1917-1919. Family archives of Military Families. Denmark Conscription Rolls 1789-1792. Spanish Soldier personnel service files 1835 – 1940. Newspapers, NSW Australia Alphabetical Index to newspaper cuttings 1841 – 1987. Land Registers, Cheshire Land Tax Assessments, Family History Society Records, Published Family Lineage either in book or online form. www.thepeerage.com. Tasmania Miscellaneous Records 1829 - 2001 Land Registers, Cheshire Land Tax Assessments, Family History Society Records, Published Family Lineage either in book or online form. www.thepeerage.com. Tasmania Miscellaneous Records 1829 - 2001 Migration, Passenger and Crew Lists, Passport Applications, Border Crossings from Canada to US 1895-1956. Australia Immigrant Ships Papers 1849 - 1940 English Parish records, Civil Records in Ireland, Mexico 1832-2005, Italy State Archives 1809-1865, also 1784 – 1943, Copenhagen Civil Marriages 1739-1964. New Zealand Civil Records 1800 – 1966. BMD data for England & Wales England Birth Registration Index, Marriage Index, California Birth Registration Index, Marriage index. Mexico Baptism 1560-1950 Marriages 1570-1950. Scotlandspeople.gov.uk Norway Baptism 1634 – 1927 Marriages 1660 – 1926 & Burials 1666 – 1927. Denmark Birth Marriage and Death Indexes. Spain Baptisms 1502- 1940, Marriages 1565 – 1950 and Municipal records from 1566 – 1956. Portugal Baptisms 1570 – 1910, and marriages 1670-1910. India Births and Baptisms 1786-1947, and Marriages 1792- 1948. Petty Sessions Court Registers in Ireland 1828 – 1912. Ecclesiastic and Church documents Mexico Catholic Church Records 1519 – 1984, and 1586 – 1977. Hungary Reformed Church Christenings 1624-1895 Baden Germany Catholic Church Records 1678 – 1930. Denmark Church Records 1484 – 1941. Portugal Catholic Church records Porto 1535-1949, and Setubal 1555-1911 Early Books on Migration and Settlers – Connecticut District Court Naturalisation Indexes 1851 – 1992.

Links I am always willing to help others in their own research, collaborate with shared family trees, or I welcome additions, and facts from around the world about the wonderful world of the FAMILY HOE. If I can help you with your research please get in touch. I am currently contributing and updating basic missing information on the “find-a-grave” websites. As and when I come across them. If you know of any that I may be able to help with, please email me via the guild website. I am also a contributing Genealogist on Wikitree – aiming to help others in their own studies, where families merge. I would love to have more help from around the world – if you would like to get involved please contact me.